In prehospital and emergency settings, oral suctioning may be overlooked as a basic task that is performed without harm to the patient. The reality is, oral suctioning is not without its risks and complications. In addition to complications related to the procedure itself, oral suctioning complications may arise because of ineffective or incorrect technique. Let’s explore the various oral suctioning procedure complications and discuss ways you can prevent them in your patients.
1. Atelectasis and Hypoxia
As you are well aware, negative pressure ventilation is the normal physiologic process of breathing. As the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the intercostal muscles contract and move upward and out, expanding the lungs. This causes the pressure inside the lungs to decrease, pulling ambient air into the lungs. Oral suctioning from a portable suction unit causes increased negative pressure in the airway and lungs. Too much negative pressure can lead to both atelectasis and hypoxia.
2. Dysrhythmia
Because oral suctioning may cause hypoxia and hypoxemia, this procedure also places the patient at risk for developing dysrhythmias, especially bradycardia. In some patients, aggressive oral or tracheal suctioning triggers a vasovagal reflex, which may cause both bradycardia and hypotension. Additionally, failure to preoxygenate prior to suctioning increases the risk of hypoxia and hypoxemia and decreased perfusion to the heart. This, in turn, may cause cardiac dysrhythmia. Monitoring your patient’s oxygen saturation and cardiac rhythm will help you recognize the early signs of hypoxia and hypoxemia (restlessness, agitation, tachycardia) as well as a potential vasovagal reflex reaction (bradycardia and hypotension).
3. Airway Trauma
Airway tissue trauma and iatrogenic injury may occur with oral suctioning. This may range from mild irritation of the tissue to damage and tearing of the airway. This complication may be difficult to recognize in patients who presented with traumatic injuries that required oral suctioning in the first place.
4. Infection
Aspiration pneumonia is a threat to all patients with compromised airways and retained airway contaminates. When these contaminates—think blood, mucus, vomit—enter the patient’s trachea, they are inhaled into the lungs. To make things worse, positive pressure from assisted ventilation forces these contaminants deeper into the lungs. The complication of infection from oral suctioning may occur because of contaminated equipment inoculating the patient’s airway with harmful bacteria. However, this complication more commonly occurs as a result of ineffective oral suctioning and failure to quickly and efficiently remove these disease-causing airway contaminates.
Preventing Complications
Oral suctioning may be overlooked by some as a basic procedure that all prehospital and emergency personnel have mastered. However, knowing that this fundamental procedure has its risks and complications will allow you to help identify and decrease these risks for your patients. An effective and correct technique using the best devices are the keys to preventing complications with oral suctioning.
Editor’s Note: This blog was originally published in March 2019. It has been re-published with additional up to date content.
